Saturday, January 25, 2020
Specification for a Concrete Footpath
Specification for a Concrete Footpath PUBLIC SAFETY The area was taped and coned of so no traffic could intrude. The excavation was fenced off with orange fencing so no pedestrians could have access. EXCAVATION: Excavate total area to required depth 150mm and remove all waste from site,Excavations are generally undertaken using the correct machines (8 tone digger)was used for this job. And the work undertaken is to excavate the required area to the correct depth dependent on the specification being used, however there are many specifications for different applications, generally domestic footpaths excavate virgin ground to a depth of 160mm for new applications. But for this job there was crush already down so we excavated 160mm to 170mm to give some tolerance to put the shutters in. Next we used a small whacker plate for 7 passes to compact a solid base for the concrete. To form falls and cross falls to assist water escape. We took a level to the top of the step and the last level to work out the difference between them to get your fall which ours was 53mm. This is within tolerance for our specification. After the shutters are in place we placed down DPM to stop moisture spreading into the concrete. Secondly we cut steel mesh so it fitted in but with an extra 50mm cut off each side to have sufficient cover to stop the concrete from rusting, also with a 50mm spacer for it to float in the middle. Once the concrete was poured in the vibrating poker is used all around the area to prevent any voids being left in the concrete. Next the concrete tampered down to help compaction it allows the 20mm aggregate to sink. So when you come to float its easier to get a smoother finish. Lastly we finished the concrete with arris edges and a broom finish before leaving we covered the concrete with polyene to prevent weather condition harming the concrete.     Plans and surveys  We were responsible for setting out the footpaths accurately to line and level in the dimensions that we were given that the instruction supplied, and arranged. All soil including old concrete paths shall be removed from the site and the area kept neat and tidy to ensure minimum obstruction to traffic ways during the course of the work. No stockpiling of excavations shall be left on verges. DIMENSIONS: 4.39m, 1.54m, 0.15m 2.8m, 0.9m, 0.15m SUB-BASE: We use existing crush that was underneath FOOTPATH: This footpath with be 150mm thick with reinforce steel mesh. 1.54m wide coming from the existing step, to existing kerb level                                                                                                   †¦0.9m compiling with specification as its doesnt need wheel chair access. FORMWORK: Formwork may be of either steel or planed timber and shall be fixed so as not to flex or displace during concreting operations. Formwork shall be of dimensions equal in depth to the thickness of the concrete to be poured. JOINTS: Every 1.5m long CONCRETE: 1.4m cubed Ready mixed concrete with a slump of 125mm, Maximum aggregated size shall be 20mm, Sand shall be clean, sharp, washed from a river or quarry sand, free from silt and organic matter. BACKFILL: Existing material Tools Steel trowel Arriss trowel Plastic float Shovel Rake Soft broom Claw hammer Lump hammer Sledge hammer Generator Vibrating poker Bolt cutter Plant 8 tonne digger Concrete lorry Materials Steel shutters Wooden planks Concrete DPM Steel mesh Nails Steel road pins Polythene Conclusions We found out that weather condition is a factor we had quite a lot of rain during the time the concrete was curing. Therefore it took longer for it to set so we were rushed for time so when we came to put a brush finish on it was still too wet so the finish isnt as neat as it could be. So in future we should check the forecast prior to work. We could count for rain by putting a gazebo up prior to working. We also originally add more water to the mix which didnt help with the time consumption. So we shouldnt off added more water that would of set more rapidly. Before After
Friday, January 17, 2020
Youth Gangs: Problem and Response
Irving Spergel begins his research by noting that the phenomenon of youth gangs is not exclusively a product of American civilization or the modern urban condition, pointing out that gangs date as far back to the 17th century England and span as far as Asia and South America, have evolved from places as diverse as the secret societies from Hong Kong and the prison conditions of New Zealand. Spergel also observes that attempts to research youth gangs have yielded varying results and drawn wildly differing conclusions as to their criminal severity, the circumstances which spawn them, and the correlation they have with youth delinquency. Researchers also choose to define gangs and/or categorize them in relation to non-gang-related youth delinquency in rather varied ways, which only complicates this. I find this kind of social and historical context very fascinating. It certainly lends the concept of youth gang a certain legitimacy that is not afforded in mainstream representations of them. Too often, gangs are simply viewed as products of depressed areas of urban America. They are considered a symptom of social failure rather than as a natural product of civilization, simply because it makes for more sensational content on television. But as Spergel's research summary shows, youth gangs are a means for the youth to address their own community's shortcomings, most notably a lack of confidence in one's family or an inability to completely connect with peers at a school or work environment. In addition, Spergel suggests that law enforcement, social welfare agencies and other ways a community addresses youth gangs are problematized by how the demographic complexities of gang formation are distorted and/or exaggerated by how mainstream news media and governmental organizations choose to profile them. One telling example is how such distortions lead even the Department of Justice to fund research that relies on flawed methodology or rely on grossly inflated figures for the purposes of rhetoric. Despite these acts, studies have indicated that the ‘gang problem' cannot be singularly reduced to one demographic and that the various activities they engage in are not necessarily limited to criminal behavior. Spergel does attempt to address this by reviewing such literature, and through this has suggested that gang behavior differs from other forms of youth delinquency in that the former must lie completely within the domain of group oriented conduct  protecting the ‘turf', maintaining an ideological code, etc. He also decidedly defines delinquent youth groups against gangs by noting that the latter must have a relatively stable social order/grouping whereas the former tends to be more fluid in structure, and leadership is not a fixed constant. Furthermore, gang violence or criminally-oriented gang behavior is not as dramatically problematic as popular accounts tend to suggest. While some cities are certainly known for their alarming figures, the general average of criminially-oriented gang behavior is actually quite low. Spergel takes research data to task by suggesting that the veracity of any such statistics is immediately made suspect by problematic ‘measurements' used to derive such data. They can be distorted depending on how one ‘counts' gang population and criminally-oriented gang behavior. Spergel's research is quite too long to really address all his points in a brief manner, but let it suffice to say that he presents a rather thought provoking look at research and its perceptions of gangs and gang behavior, most notably because it suggests the heterogeneity of the phenomenon and the ease at which it can be distorted.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
The Rise Of The Industrial Revolution - 1007 Words
Analytical Paper In the late 1800s, with the rise of the industrial revolution, there were business titans make millions and curating monopoly. These men were know as Robber Barons, like Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P Morgan, Andrew Carnegie and John D, Rockefeller. These men were buying up every business that had any relationship with their companies in order to corner the market and create monopolies. These companies had no restrictions on the business practices and business acquisitions during this time. The U.S was a free market system, there where no government regulations or restrictions on trust or monopolies, which let the robber barons run free and can do want they want. In the 1820s the U.S. produced only 5% of the goods in world†¦show more content†¦That would be unimaginable for a 16 year old to take on that much rick and responsibility today. He ended upon making fortune by creating one of largest shipping empires in the world. He also started building bridges that e ntered large cites, like the Albany Bridge. One of the ways Vanderbilt would destroy his competitors, he would stop the flow of millions of dollars worth of their cargo, which would cripple his competitors business and halt their expansion. This would cause their stocks price fall, and when the share price would become almost worthless, he would buy them all up make the large railroad company in America. Vanderbilt business practices were so feared, his rivals paid him to leave their town, so they can get their business back. What Vanderbilt did would have be considered illegal and shady business practices today. Vanderbilt may have be one of the first but certainly not the last. Several Robber Barons did things like that in order to put their competitors out of business and take over rival companies in order to construct monopolies. One of the things Andrew Carnegie was famous for is mass producing steel, using the bessemer process. Without the bessemer process the steel was too we ak and expensive to build large structures and bridges. By using the bessemer process Carnegie was able to make steel that was strong enough and cheaper than the previous steel. Making it possible for skyscrapers and bridges to be built at a more economical andShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution942 Words  | 4 Pagesbegin to blister, maybe the farmer will become dehydrated and will have to stop production? There’s a famous quote that states â€Å"time is money,†which before the Industrial Revolution was admittedly true. Merchants could not spare a second because time could not afford to be wasted. 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In the middle of the 18th century, there were many major European colonial powers; Spain, Portugal, the Dutch Republic, France and of course, Great Britain . A century later, by about the middle of the 19th century, the British Empire was unrivalled, stretching all around the world and having become a great trading and conquering empire. During this period, the â€Å"industrial revolution†was credited to haveRead MoreIndustrial Revolutions During Europe During The Industrial Revolution1298 Words  | 6 PagesIndustrial Revolution in Europe Before the industrial revolution, Europe was mostly dominated by farmers but as the industrial revolution progressed this changed dramatically. Industrial revolution had a significant impact in the process by making new demands that shaped the way of life through increased competition and technological innovation. Generally, it was a historical period that sparked in a stroke a number numerous changes in the economic, social and political dimensions. It is consideredRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words  | 7 PagesThis essay serves to outline the factors that contributed to the rise of sociology and the latter`s development. In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scien tific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
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